Czechia Population

Czechia has low fertility, with a brief rebound around 2021 now giving way to a renewed fall, and it leans on immigration to soften a population decline that has already begun. Ageing is advancing, as across Central Europe. Its population held up longer than those of some neighbours, but it too has now started to shrink.

With roughly 10.5 million people as of 2026, Czechia ranks 92nd in the world by population. A country of Eastern Europe, its trajectory to 2100 is governed by how births, deaths and migration play out. It packs in roughly 136 people per square kilometre.

Having topped out near 10.8 million around 2023, Czechia has entered the long, slow decline now spreading across much of the world. Its population is projected to fall to roughly 9.8 million by 2050 and about 8.2 million by 2100.

The median age is set to climb from about 43 today to roughly 48 by 2100, while life expectancy, near 80 years, keeps rising. An older population gradually reshapes the labour force, pension systems and healthcare demand.

Fertility sits at about 1.46 births per woman, below the replacement level of roughly 2.1, so without migration the population would eventually shrink. Net inward migration adds to the population each year and partly offsets the low birth rate.

Read these numbers as the midpoint of a range. Under the UN's high and low fertility paths Czechia's 2100 population could land well above or below the figures here; the medium variant is simply the central case.