Kazakhstan Population

Kazakhstan has seen its fertility rebound above the replacement level, giving it steady growth that stands out among post-Soviet states. Spread thinly across the world's largest landlocked territory, its population is young and increasingly urban. A long-running shift in ethnic composition has accompanied that growth since independence.

Kazakhstan is home to about 21.0 million people in 2026, the 65th largest population of any country. In Central Asia, where it lies, that future is driven by fertility, longevity and the movement of people across its borders. It packs in roughly 8 people per square kilometre.

Growth continues for Kazakhstan until around 2100, the year its population is set to crest at about 33.6 million. From there a slow fall takes it to roughly 33.6 million by century's end.

The median age is set to climb from about 30 today to roughly 41 by 2100, even as life expectancy improves from about 75 years. That ageing slowly changes everything from the size of the workforce to the cost of care and pensions.

At roughly 2.98 births per woman, fertility remains above replacement, though it has been trending down.

These figures follow the UN's medium variant, the most widely cited scenario. The low and high variants, driven mainly by differing fertility assumptions, fan out into a wide range by 2100, so treat each number as a central estimate rather than a precise forecast.