Brazil Population

Brazil has undergone one of the developing world's most dramatic fertility declines, falling from large families in the 1960s to well below the replacement level today. The result is a country that is ageing faster than once expected and whose long era of rapid growth is ending. Heavily urbanised and with a shrinking pipeline of young people, Brazil now faces mid-transition challenges more familiar to richer nations.

Brazil is home to about 213 million people in 2026, the 7th largest population of any country. In South America, where it lies, that future is driven by fertility, longevity and the movement of people across its borders. Population density stands at about 26 people for every square kilometre of land.

The defining marker in Brazil's future is its peak, expected around 2042 at about 219 million. After that the population eases back toward 164 million by 2100, having passed through 218 million at mid-century. It passed the 200 million mark around 2015.

With fertility near 1.61, just under the 2.1 replacement mark, natural increase is fading.

Half of Brazil is currently younger than about 34, but by 2100 the median age is projected to reach around 51, even as life expectancy improves from about 76 years. That ageing slowly changes everything from the size of the workforce to the cost of care and pensions.

Read these numbers as the midpoint of a range. Under the UN's high and low fertility paths Brazil's 2100 population could land well above or below the figures here; the medium variant is simply the central case.