Indonesia Population

Indonesia, the world's fourth most populous country, has moved a long way through its demographic transition, with fertility now close to the replacement level after decades of family-planning effort. The population remains heavily concentrated on Java, one of the most densely settled places on earth, which is part of why the government is building a new capital, Nusantara, on Borneo. A large working-age share gives the country an economic window that will narrow as ageing sets in later this century.

Indonesia is home to about 287 million people in 2026, the 4th largest population of any country. A country of South-Eastern Asia, its trajectory to 2100 is governed by how births, deaths and migration play out. Population density stands at about 151 people for every square kilometre of land.

Indonesia is projected to keep growing until about 2059, when its population peaks at roughly 323 million before a gradual decline sets in, leaving it near 296 million by 2100. The 200 million threshold was crossed near 1996.

Fertility is around 2.11 births per woman, above the replacement level, which keeps natural growth positive for now.

Half of Indonesia is currently younger than about 30, but by 2100 the median age is projected to reach around 45, while life expectancy, near 71 years, keeps rising. A rising median age means fewer working-age people supporting each retiree over time.

Read these numbers as the midpoint of a range. Under the UN's high and low fertility paths Indonesia's 2100 population could land well above or below the figures here; the medium variant is simply the central case.